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| c. 170 |
| | | Marcus Aurelius is rare among emperors in writing twelve books of philosophical Meditations | |
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| c. 244 |
| | | Plotinus, moving from Alexandria to Rome, teaches the influential philosophy later known as Neo-Platonism | |
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| c. 413 |
| | | Prompted by the fall of Rome to the Visigoths, St Augustine undertakes a great work of Christian philosophy, the City of God | |
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| c. 525 |
| | | Boethius, in prison in Pavia and awaiting execution, writes the Consolation of Philosophy | |
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| 529 |
| | | Justinian closes down the schools of Athens, famous for their tradition of pagan philosophy | |
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| c. 930 |
| | | Saadiah Gaon writes a seminal work of Jewish philosophy in his Book of Beliefs and Opinions | |
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| c. 1020 |
| | | The Persian scholar Avicenna, author of encyclopedic works on philosophy and medicine, spends the last part of his life in Isfahan | |
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| 1078 |
| | | Anselm includes in his Proslogion his famous 'ontological proof' of the existence of God | |
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| c. 1115 |
| | | Peter Abelard teaches philosophy at Notre Dame until an affair with one of his pupils, Héloïse, brings his career to a dramatic end | |
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| c. 1180 |
| | | In Cordoba the Muslim philosopher Averroës writes commentaries on Aristotle that are influential throughout medieval Europe | |
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